Al-Shabab’s relationship with civilians is often painted as one of violence and victimisation. The reality is far more complex. This report explores the nature of Al-Shabab’s relationship with civilians, particularly in light of the recent government recapture of significant territory from Al-Shabab. Section 2 provides the historical context relevant to these dynamics, while Section 3 explores Al-Shabab’s governance structures and civilians’ role in them. Section 4 further expands on the role of civilians by examining how Al-Shabab’s engagement with clan structures evolved. It then explores these dynamics in the three case study areas of Adan Yabal, Moqokori and Jilib. It highlights how recent territorial control changes have affected these dynamics. The report concludes with implications for understanding civilian agency and Al-Shabab’s political strategy. Read more